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Sunday, December 24, 2023

How to Create a Blog Post?

How to Create a Blog Post?


how to create a blog post?


Creating a blog post is an exciting and creative endeavor that allows you to share your thoughts, knowledge, and experiences with others. Whether you're a seasoned blogger or just getting started, this comprehensive guide will walk you through the step-by-step process of creating a compelling and successful blog post that engages your audience. From brainstorming ideas to optimizing for search engines, we've got you covered. So grab your keyboard and let's get started!


 1. Getting Started: Choosing a Topic

Before you begin writing your blog post, it's important to choose a topic that resonates with your audience. Think about your target readers and consider their interests, pain points, and what kind of information they would find valuable. Brainstorm a list of potential topics and select the one that aligns with your blog's niche and your expertise.


 2. Researching and Gathering Information

Once you have a topic in mind, it's time to gather information and conduct research. Look for reputable sources, such as books, articles, or studies, to back up your points and add credibility to your blog post. Take notes and organize your findings so that you have a clear structure for your writing.


 3. Creating an Outline

An outline acts as a roadmap for your blog post, helping you stay organized and ensuring that your ideas flow logically. Start with a broad overview of your topic and break it down into subsections. This will serve as the framework for your writing and make it easier to fill in the details later on. Remember to include headings and subheadings to guide your readers through the content.


 4. Writing the Introduction

The introduction is your blog post's first impression. It should be captivating, and engaging, and set the tone for the rest of the article. Address the reader directly, ask a thought-provoking question, or share an anecdote to hook their attention. Clearly state the purpose of your blog post and let the readers know what they can expect to learn from it.


 5. Crafting Engaging Paragraphs

Now it's time to dive into the body of your blog post. Each paragraph should focus on a single idea or concept related to your topic. Keep your sentences concise and straightforward, using language that is easy for your readers to understand. Break up the text with subheadings, bullet points, and numbered lists to improve readability and make it more scannable.


 The Power of Storytelling


Stories have a remarkable way of capturing our attention and making information more memorable. Use anecdotes or personal experiences to illustrate your points and create a connection with your readers. Make them feel like they're part of the story you're telling, and they'll be more likely to stay engaged.


Backing up Your Claims with Data


When making assertions or providing advice, it's essential to back them up with reliable data. Cite statistics, studies, or expert opinions to add credibility to your blog post. Including data not only strengthens your arguments but also makes your content more informative and valuable.


6. Optimizing for SEO

To ensure that your blog post reaches a wider audience, it's crucial to optimize it for search engines. Research relevant keywords related to your topic and incorporate them naturally throughout your content. Use the keyword in your title, headings, meta description, and within the body of your blog post. However, avoid overstuffing keywords and maintain a natural flow of your writing.


7. Adding Visual Elements

Incorporating visual elements, such as images, graphics, or videos, can enhance the overall appeal of your blog post. Illustrate key points with relevant visuals, break up text-heavy sections, and make your content more visually appealing. Remember to optimize and compress images to maintain fast loading times for your readers.


 8. Crafting a Compelling Conclusion

The conclusion of your blog post should summarize the main points you discussed, leave the reader with a clear takeaway, and encourage further engagement. Restate the purpose of your article and provide a call to action, such as asking readers to comment, share their thoughts, or explore related content on your blog.


 9. Proofreading and Editing

Before publishing your blog post, it's crucial to proofread and edit it for spelling, grammar, and clarity. Read through your content carefully, checking for any errors or inconsistencies. Consider using online grammar tools or asking a friend to review your article to ensure it's error-free and polished.


 10. Promoting Your Blog Post

Creating a stellar blog post is only half the battle; the other half is promoting it. Share your article on social media platforms, engage with your readers, and leverage your network to increase visibility and drive traffic to your blog. Encourage readers to share your post and consider reaching out to influencers or relevant websites for potential collaborations or guest posting opportunities.


Congratulations! You've now become familiar with the process of creating a blog post. Remember, consistency is key. Keep producing high-quality, valuable content, engage with your audience, and watch your blog thrive.


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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)


1. How long should a blog post be?

Ideally, blog posts should be around 1,500 to 2,000 words to provide comprehensive information and satisfy both readers and search engines. However, shorter or longer blog posts can be effective depending on the topic and the audience's preferences.


2. Can I use images from the internet in my blog post?

Using images from the internet can be risky due to copyright infringement. It's best to use royalty-free or Creative Commons-licensed images or create your own visuals to avoid legal issues.


3. How often should I publish new blog posts?

Consistency is key when it comes to blogging. Aim to publish new content at least once a week or follow a consistent schedule that works for you and your audience. Regularly providing fresh posts keeps readers engaged and helps with search engine visibility.


4. Should I allow comments on my blog posts?

Allowing comments on your blog posts can foster engagement and create a sense of community. However, be prepared to moderate and respond to comments promptly, as spam and negative feedback can occasionally emerge.


5. Is it necessary to write in a specific writing style?

While there's no one-size-fits-all answer, it's essential to write in a style that resonates with your target audience. Aim for a conversational tone that is easy to understand. Experiment with your writing style and find what works best for your readers.

Sunday, January 29, 2023

What is Internet?

 

What is Internet?


The Internet represents a vast global network of interconnected computer systems that communicate using a standardized set of protocols known as the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). This intricate web consists of various networks, including public, private, academic, business, and governmental entities, all linked through a range of electronic, wireless, and optical technologies. It provides access to a multitude of information resources and services, including the World Wide Web (WWW), email, telephony, and file sharing.


The roots of the Internet can be traced back to the 1960s when the U.S. Department of Defense initiated research into packet switching. The ARPANET was the first network to connect regional academic and military networks. By the 1980s, the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) emerged as the primary infrastructure for Internet connectivity, paving the way for global participation and advancements in networking technology.


The 1990s heralded a transformative era for the Internet, characterized by widespread commercial connectivity and its integration into everyday life. This period saw a significant shift in traditional communication methods—telephony, radio, television, and print media were all revolutionized. New forms of communication emerged, such as email, online music streaming, digital newspapers, and video platforms. Additionally, personal communication flourished through instant messaging and social networking sites.


The Internet's influence on commerce has been profound, driving substantial growth in online shopping for large and small retailers while reshaping supply chains and financial services across various sectors. Unlike traditional media outlets, the Internet lacks a centralized governance structure; each network component establishes its own policies. Oversight is provided by organizations like the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), which manages IP address allocation and the Domain Name System (DNS). At the same time, technical standards are developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).


In conclusion, the Internet has fundamentally transformed how we communicate, access information, conduct business, and engage with one another globally. Its decentralized nature and continuous technological advancements ensure that it remains a dynamic tool for fostering global connectivity.


Semiconductor Technology and Optical Networking

 

Semiconductor Technology and Optical Networking


Semiconductor Technology and Optical Networking

Steady advances in semiconductor technology and optical networking at its core created new economic opportunities for commercial involvement in network expansion and delivery of services to the public.


In mid-1989, MCI Mail and CompuServe established connections to the Internet, delivering email and public access products to half a million users of the Internet. A few months later, on January 1,1990, PSInet launched an alternative Internet backbone for commercial use; One of the networks that formed the core of the commercial Internet of later years. In March 1990, the first high-speed T1 (1.5 Mbit/s) connection between NSFnet and Europe was established between Cornell University and CERN, allowing more robust communications than capacity with satellites.

 

Six months later, Tim Bernerslee began writing the first web browser, the World Wide Web, after two years of lobbying CERN management. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the first web browser (which included an HTML editor and could access USnet newsgroups and FTP files), the first HTTP server software (later called CERN HTTPD), the first web server, and the first web pages that described the project. The Commercial Internet Exchange was established in 1991, allowing PSiNet to communicate with other commercial networks such as CERNet and Alternet.


In October 1994, Stanford Federal Credit Union was the first financial institution to offer online Internet banking services to all of its members. In 1996, OP Financial Group, Cooperative Bank became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe. By 1995, the Internet was fully commercialized when NSFnet was deactivated in the US, removing the t.


As technology improved and commercial opportunities fueled mutual growth, Internet traffic volumes began to experience characteristics similar to the scaling of MOS transistors, exemplified by Moore’s Law, doubling every 18 months. This development, formalized as Edholm’s rule, was catalyzed by advances in MOS technology, laser lightwave systems, and noise performance.


Since 1995, the Internet has had a huge impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of instant communication via email, instant messaging, telephony (Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP), two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web. With its discussion forums, blogs, social networking and online shopping sites. Large amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds through fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, fueled by the large amount of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment, and social networking.


In the late 1990s, traffic on the public Internet was estimated to have grown by 100 percent per year, while the average annual growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be between 20% and 50%. This growth is largely due to the lack of central governance. This allows for organic growth of the network, as well as the proprietary nature of Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from having too much control over the network. 


As of 31 March 2011, the estimated total number of Internet users was 2.095 billion (30.2% of the world population). In 1993 it was estimated that the Internet accounted for only 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications, by 2000 this figure had risen to 51%, and by 2007 over 97% of all telecommunications information was carried over the Internet.

The Internet: A global network

The Internet: A global network


The Internet is a global network that consists of autonomous networks that are voluntarily interconnected. It functions without a central governing body. The technical basis and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone can associate with by providing technical expertise. To maintain interoperability, the Internet’s major namespaces are managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). ICANN is governed by an international board of directors drawn from the Internet technical, business, academic, and other non-commercial communities.

ICANN coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet, including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, application port numbers in transport protocols, and many other parameters. Globally unified namespaces are necessary to maintain the global reach of the Internet. This role of ICANN recognizes that it is the single central coordinating body of the global Internet.


Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) were established for five regions of the world. African Network Information Center (AFRINIC) for Africa, American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) for North America, Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC) for Asia and the Pacific region, Registry of Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses (LACNIC for Latin America and the Caribbean region), and Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia RIPEOS IP Europeans – Network Coordination Center (RIPE NCC) is tasked with assigning Internet Protocol address blocks and other Internet parameters to local registries. As an Internet service provider from a designated pool of addresses allocated to each region.


The National Telecommunications and Information Administration, an agency of the United States Department of Commerce, had final approval on changes to the DNS root zone until IANA took over on October 1, 2016. The Internet Society (ISOC) was established in 1992 “with the objective of ensuring the open development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people worldwide”. Its members include individuals (anyone can join) as well as corporations, organizations, governments, and universities. Among other activities, ISOC provides administrative services to several less formally organized groups involved in Internet development and maintenance, including the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), and the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

 

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)


Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), and Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG). On 16 November 2005, the United Nations-sponsored World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis established the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues.

Infrastructure:


The Internet’s communications infrastructure consists of a system of software layers that control its hardware components and various aspects of the architecture. Like any computer network, the Internet physically consists of routers, media (such as cabling and radio links), repeaters, and modems. However, as an example of Internetworking, many network nodes are not necessarily internet equipment, the Internet packets are carried by other full-length networking protocols, the internet serves as a uniform networking standard, moves throughout a variety of hardware, and the packets are directed by IP routers.


Routing and service categories:


Packet routing across the Internet involves several levels of Internet Service Providers.


Internet Service Providers (ISPs) establish worldwide connectivity between personal networks at various levels. End users, who access the Internet only when needed to perform a task or obtain information, represent the routing hierarchy. At the top of the routing hierarchy, Tier 1 networks, large telecommunications companies, exchange traffic directly with each other over high-speed fiber optic cables and peering agreements. Tier 2 and lower networks purchase Internet traffic from other providers to reach at least some parties on the global Internet, although they may engage in peering. An ISP can use a single upstream provider for connectivity or implement multihoming to achieve redundancy and load balancing.


Internet exchange centers are the main traffic exchange centers that have physical connectivity to multiple ISPs. Large organizations such as academic institutions, large enterprises, and governments can act like ISPs, engaging in peering and purchasing traffic on behalf of their internal networks. Research networks are interconnected with larger subnetworks such as GEANT, GLORIAD, Internet2, and JANET, the UK’s national research and education network. The Internet IP routing structure and the hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks.

Computers and Route Directors

 

Computers and Route Directors


Computers and Route Directors

Computers and routers use routing tables in their operating systems to direct IP packets to the next hop router or destination. Routing tables are managed either by manual configuration or automatically by routing protocols. End-nodes typically use a default route to point traffic to an ISP, while ISP routers use the Border Gateway Protocol to establish more efficient routing across the complex connections of the global Internet. 70 percent of the world’s Internet traffic passes through Ashburn, Virginia.


Entry:


Common methods of Internet access by users include dial-up with a computer modem via telephone circuits, broadband via coaxial cable, fiber optics or copper wires, Wi-Fi, satellite and cellular telephone technology (e.g. 3G, 4G). The Internet can often be accessed from computers in libraries and Internet cafes. Internet access points exist in many public places such as airport lounges and coffee shops. Different terms are used such as public internet kiosk, public access terminal and web payphone. Many hotels also have public terminals, which are usually fee-based. These terminals are widely accessed for various uses like ticket booking, bank deposit or online payment.


Wi-Fi provides wireless access to the Internet through local computer networks. Hotspots that provide such access include Wi-Fi cafes, where users are required to bring their own wireless devices such as laptops or PDAs. These services can be free for all, free for customers only or fee based.


Grassroots efforts have led to wireless community networks. Commercial Wi-Fi services covering large areas are available in many cities such as New York, London, Vienna, Toronto, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Pittsburgh, where the Internet can be accessed from places like a park bench. Experiments have been conducted with proprietary mobile wireless networks such as Ricochet, various high-speed data services over cellular networks, and fixed wireless services. Modern smartphones can also access the Internet through a cellular carrier network. 


For web browsing, these devices provide applications such as Google Chrome, Safari, and Firefox, and can install a variety of Internet software from app-stores. Internet usage on mobile and tablet devices surpassed desktop for the first time worldwide in October 2016.

Mobile communication

Mobile communication

 

Mobile Communication

Number of Mobile Cellular Subscriptions 2012–2016, World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018


According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimates, by the end of 2017, 48% of personal users were regularly connected to the Internet, up from 34% in 2012. Mobile Internet connectivity has played a major role in expanding penetration in recent years, particularly in Asia and the Pacific and Africa. The number of unique mobile cellular subscriptions rose from 3.89 billion in 2012 to 4.83 billion in 2016, accounting for two-thirds of the world’s population, with more than half in Asia and the Pacific. The number of subscriptions is expected to increase to 5.69 billion users in 2020. As of 2016, about 60% of the world’s population had access to a 4G broadband cellular network, up from about 50% in 2015 and 11% in 2012. The limitations that users face in accessing information through applications coincide with the broader process of fragmentation of the Internet. 


Fragmentation restricts access to media content and affects poor users more.

Zero-rating, the practice of Internet service providers allowing users a free connection to access certain content or applications at no cost, has offered opportunities to overcome economic barriers but has been accused by its critics of creating a two-tiered Internet. To address the problems with zero-rating, an alternative model in the concept of ‘equal rating’ has emerged and is being tested in the Mozilla and Orange experiments in Africa. Equal rating prevents prioritization of one type of content and zero-rates all content up to a specified data cap. 


A study published by Chatham House found that 15 of the 19 countries surveyed in Latin America offered some form of hybrid or zero-rated product. Some countries in the region (among all mobile network operators) have a handful of plans to choose from, while others like Colombia offer 30 prepaid and 34 post-paid plans.


A study of eight countries in the Global South found that zero-rate data plans exist in every country, although a higher range in frequency is offered and used in each. The study looked at the top three to five carriers by market share in Bangladesh, Colombia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Peru and the Philippines. Another study covering Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa found Facebook’s Free Basics and Wikipedia’s ero to be zero-rated content in general.


Internet Protocol Suite:


Internet standards describe a framework known as the Internet Protocol Suite (also known as the TCP/IP based on the first two units).

Software Layers

Software Layers


Software layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate. At the top is the application layer, home to application-specific networking methods used by software applications. For example, a web browser program uses a client-server application model and a specific protocol for interaction between servers and clients, while many file-sharing systems use a peer-to-peer model.

Below this upper layer, the transport layer connects applications on different hosts through a logical channel with appropriate data exchange methods over the network. It provides several services, including routing, reliable delivery (TCP), and unreliable datagram service (UDP).

Networking technologies based on these layers interconnect networks at their boundaries and exchange traffic across them. 


The Internet layer implements Internet Protocol, which enables computers to identify and locate each other by Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and to route their traffic through intermediate (transport) networks. Internet Protocol layer code is physically independent of the type of network it is running on.


At the bottom of the architecture is the link layer, which provides logical connectivity between hosts. Link-layer code is usually the only piece of software that is customized to the physical networking link protocol type. Multiple link layers are implemented and each operates through a type of network links, such as a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (e.g. Wi-Fi or Ethernet or dial-up connection, ATM, etc.).


Internet Protocol:


A key component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP). IP enables the Internet to work and essentially, establishes the Internet. Two versions of Internet Protocol exist, IPv4 and IPv6.


IP Addresses:


A DNS resolver connects three name servers to resolve the user-visible domain name “www.wikipedia.org” to determine the IPv4 address 207.142.131.234.


To locate individual computers on a network, the Internet provides IP addresses. IP addresses are used by the Internet infrastructure to direct Internet packets to their destinations. They consist of fixed-length numbers that appear in the packet. IP addresses are usually automatically assigned or configured to devices through DHCP.


However, the network also supports other addressing systems. Users often enter domain names (e.g. “En.wikipedia.org”) instead of IP addresses because they are easier to remember, and the Domain Name System (DNS) converts them to IP addresses, which are more efficient for routing purposes.


IPv4:


Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) was the initial version used in the first generation of the Internet and is still in strong use. It is designed to address ≈4.3 billion hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to IPv4 address exhaustion, which entered its final phase in 2011, when the global IPv4 address allocation pool ran out.

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

 

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)


Due to the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP, IPv6, was developed in the mid-1990s, providing wider address capacity and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. IPv6 uses 128 bits for IP addressing and was standardized in 1998. IPv6 deployment has been underway since the mid-2000s. IPv6 is currently in increasing deployment worldwide since Internet Address Registries (RIRs) began urging all resource managers to plan for rapid adoption and transition.

 

IPv6 does not work directly with IPv4 by design. Basically, it establishes a parallel version of the Internet that is not directly accessible with IPv4 software. Therefore, translation facilities for Internetworking must exist or nodes must have duplicate networking software for both networks. Basically all modern computer operating systems support both versions of Internet Protocol. However, the network infrastructure has lagged behind in this development. Apart from the complex array of physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is governed by bi- or multi-party commercial agreements, e.g., peering agreements, and technical specifications or protocols that describe the exchange of data over the network. Indeed, the Internet is defined by its interconnections and routing policies.


Subnet


Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)


IPV6 address format


Creating a subnet by dividing host identifiers

A subnet or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network. 1,16 The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting.


Computers belonging to a subnet are identified with the same most significant bit-group in their IP addresses. It divides an IP address into two fields, the network number or routing prefix and the remaining field or host identification. The remaining field is an identifier for a specific host or network interface.


A routing prefix can be written in Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation as the first address of the network, followed by a slash character (/), and ending with the bit-length of the prefix. For example, 198.51.100.0/24 is an Internet Protocol version 4 network prefix, starting with a specific address, 24 bits are reserved for the network prefix and the remaining 8 bits are reserved for the host address. Addresses in the range 198.51.100.0 to 198.51.100.255 belong to this network. IPv6 Address Definition 2001: DB8::/32 is a large address block containing 296 addresses, with a 32-bit routing prefix.


For IPv4, a network can also be represented by its subnet mask or netmask, which is a bitmask, bitwise, and when applied to any IP address on the network, gives the routing prefix. Subnet masks are expressed in dot-decimal notation like addresses. For example, 255.255.255.0 is the subnet mask prefixed with 198.51.100.0/24. Traffic is exchanged between subnetworks through routers when the routing prefixes of the source address and destination address are different. A router acts as a logical or physical boundary between subnets.


The benefits of subnetting an existing network vary for each deployment scenario. In the address allocation architecture of the Internet using CIDR and in large organizations, it is necessary to allocate address space efficiently. Subnetting can increase routing efficiency, or have advantages in network management when subnetworks are administratively controlled by different units in a larger organization. Subnets can be logically arranged in a hierarchical architecture, dividing an organization’s network address space into a tree-like routing structure.

Internet Apps and Services

Internet Apps and Services


Internet Apps and Services


Although the hardware components in the Internet infrastructure can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and standardization process of software that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for the architectural design of Internet software systems. The IETF conducts standard settings working groups, open to anyone, on various aspects of Internet architecture. 


The resulting contributions and criteria are published as Request for Comments (RFC) documents on the IETF website. The main methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in specially designated RFCs that contain Internet standards. Other less rigorous documents are merely informational, empirical or historical, or document best current practices (BCP) when implementing Internet technologies.


Applications and Services


The Internet has many applications and services, primarily the World Wide Web, which includes social media, electronic mail, mobile applications, multiplayer online games, Internet telephony, file sharing, and streaming media services.


Most of the servers that provide these services are hosted in data centers today, and content is often accessed through high-performance content delivery networks.


World Wide Web:


The World Wide Web is a global collection of documents, images, multimedia, applications, and other resources that are logically interconnected by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), which refer to global naming conventions. URIs symbolically identify services, web servers, databases, and the documents and resources they may provide. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the main access protocol of the World Wide Web. Web services use HTTP for communication between software systems for information transfer, business data and logistic sharing and exchange, and it is one of the many languages ​​or protocols that can be used for communication on the Internet.


World Wide Web browser software, such as Microsoft’s Internet Explorer/Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Apple’s Safari, and Google Chrome, allow users to navigate from one Web page to another through hyperlinks embedded in documents.


These documents may contain any combination of computer data, including moving graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content, as users interact with the page. Client-side software may include animation, games, office applications, and scientific demonstrations. Through keyword-driven Internet research using search engines such as Yahoo!, Bing, and Google, users worldwide have easy, quick access to a wide and diverse range of online information. Compared to print media, books, encyclopedias, and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled the decentralization of information on a large scale.


The Web has enabled individuals and organizations to publish ideas and information to large audiences online at much lower cost and time lag. Building a web page, blog, or website involves little initial cost and there are many free services available. However, publishing and maintaining large, professional web sites with attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition. Many individuals and some companies and groups use web logs or blogs, which are often used as online diaries that can be updated. Some commercial organizations encourage staff to communicate advice in their areas of expertise in the hope that visitors will be impressed by expert knowledge and free information and will be attracted to the company as a result.